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1 σκια
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `shade' (Od.), also `variegated hem or edging of a dress' (hell. inschr. a. pap., Men.; Wilhelm Glotta 14, 82 f.).Other forms: ion. - ιήCompounds: E.g. σκια-τροφέω, - έομαι (Ion. σκιη-), Att. etc. also σκια - τραφέω, - έομαι (: σκια-τραφής like εὑτραφής a. o.; to τραφῆναι) `to live or to raise in the shadow, indoors, to grow up pampered' (IA.; after βου-κολέω a. o., Schwyzer 726); βαθύ-σκιος `with deep shadow, deeply shaded' (h. Merc. a. o.), κατά-, ἐπί-σκιος a. o. beside κατα-, ἐπι-σκιάζω; on δολιχό-σκιος s. δολιχός (aa. to am other interpretation [Prellwitz, also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 119 f. w. n. 1 with Leumann] `with long ash').Derivatives: 1. σκιάς, - άδος f. `shade-roof, tent-roof, pavilion', also name of a θόλος in Athens etc. (Eup., Theoc., Att. inscr. a.o.). 2. σκιάδ-ιον n. `sunscreen' (com., Thphr. a. o.). 3. - ίσκη f. `id.' (Anacr.). 4. σκί-αινα f. (Arist.), - αινίς f. (Gal.; v. l. σκινίς), - αδεύς m. (hell. a. late) fishn. (after the dark colour, Strömberg 27, s. also Thompson Fishes s. σκίαινα; cf. Bosshardt 69; not correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 178 n. 3); to this σκιαθίς `id.' (Epich.), from the island namen Σκίαθος? (Strömberg l. c.). 5. σκι-όεις `rich of shadows, casting shade, shaded' (ep. poet. Il.; favoured by the metre, Schwyzer 527 w. lit., Sjölund Metr. Kürzung 149); - άεις (Hdn.; also Pi. Pae. 6, 17?). 6. - ερός, also - αρός `id.' (esp. ep. poet. Λ 480; Schwyzer 482 w. n. 8 a. lit., Chantraine Form. 230). 7. - ώδης `shadowy, dark' (Hp., E., Arist. a. o.). 8. - ακός `provided with shade' ( ὡρολόγιον Pergam. IIa; Hdn.). 9. - ωτός `provided with a hem (σκιά)' (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). -- 10. Denom. verb σκιάω (Od., hell. a. late epic), σκιάζω (IA.), σκιάσαι (Φ 232; after ἐλᾰ́-σαι a.o., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 410; metri. used, s. Debrunner REIE 1, 3), fut. Att. σκιῶ, late σκιάσω, perf. pass. ἐσκίασμαι (Semon., S. a. o.), aor. σκιασθῆναι (E., Pl., Arist.), also w. ἐπι-, κατα-, συν-, περι-, ἀπο-, `to shade, to overshadow, to shroud in darkness' (on the meaning Radermacher Festschr. Kretschmer 163 ff.); from this ( ὑπο-, συ-)σκίασις, ( ἐπι- etc.) σκιασμός, ( ἐπι- etc.) σκίασμα, σκιασ-τής, - τικός (almost always late); as backformations function the bahuvrihi κατα-, ἐπί-σκιος a. o. -- On σκιά and derivv. in Homer and in the Aeol. lyric Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 115ff., 213ff. (for Hom. not convincing).Etymology: Old word for `shadow', which with Alb. hije, Toch. B skiyo `id.' can be identified as IE *sḱii̯ā (Jokl Untersuchungen 63ff. with Meyer, cf. Mann Lang. 28, 39; v. Windekens Orbis 12, 193 with Couvreur Arch. Or. 18, 128). Besides in Indo-Iran. with lengthened grade Skt. chāyā́ f. `shadow', also `image, reflex, semblance', NPers. sāya `shadow' (Av. a-saya- `who throws no shadow': ἄ-σκιος) and with unclear basis Latv. sejs `id.' (Endzelin Zeitschr. slav. Phil. 16, 113f.). The word was orig. inflected with ablaut, approx. * skeh₁ieh₂, gen. * skh₁ieh₂-s (cf. on γλῶσσα). The assumption of IE ā[i]: i was based only on the connection with σκηνή, Dor. σκᾱνά̄ `tent', which is however improbable. -- An n-suffix is seen in Slavic, e.g. OCS sěnь, Russ. sénь f. `shadow' with uncertain vowel (IE ē, oi, ai, ǝi), thus after Jokl a. o. in the very complicated Alban. forms, e.g. hē, (h)ona; to this with r-n-change σκιερός, σκιαρός (Benveniste Origines 14). See Adams Dict. Toch B 706 s.v. skiyo. With t-suffix OIr. scāth `shadow' (after Vendryes Ét. celt. 7, 438 with Fick); diff. s. σκότος. -- Whether the hapaxes σκαιός `shadowy' (Nic. Th. 660) and σκοιός in H. ( σκοιά σκοτεινά, σκοιόν... σύσκιον) can be considered as representatives of a in Greek still existing ablaut (Solmsen Unt. 278 n. 2 [p. 279f.]), is uncertain. -- Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 559 recontructs * skeh₁-ieh₂-, from which the Skt. form can be explained. Lubotsky however, Incontri lingu. 24 (2001), 34f. is not certains about the evidence for h₁, and starts from the oblique cases * skH-ieh₂-, which became *skHii̯- with Sievers, and * skiH-eh₂- with metathesis; this may have been the basis of the Greek form.Page in Frisk: 2,730-731Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκια
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2 ἔραμαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `desire, love' (Il.)Other forms: lengthened form ἐράασθε Π 208 (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 83); Ion.-Att. ἐράω; aor. ἐράσ(σ)ασθαι, ἐρασθῆναι, fut. ἐρασθήσομαι (ep. Ion.)Derivatives: Verbal adj. ἐρατός `desired, loved' (Il.) with Έρατώ f. name of one of the Muses (Hes.) and ἐρατίζω `desire' (Λ 551); lengthened form ἐρατεινός `lovely' (Il.; after the adjectives in - εινός, e. g. ἀλγεινός; ποθεινός; Pi.); on ἐραστός s. below. - Beside it ἔρως (Il.), gen. etc. - ωτος m. (Hdt., Pi.), ep. also ἔρος m. `(carnal)love', personif. `the god of Love', with several derivv.: beside the hypocoristica Έρώτ-ιον, - άριον, - ίσκος, - ιδεύς further ἐρωτικός `belonging to love' (Att.), ἐρωτύλος `lovely, darling', ἐρωτίς f. `id.' (Theoc.); ἐρωτ-ιάδες ( Νύμφαι; AP); ἐρωτίδια (- εια, - αια) `Eros-feast' (Ath., inscr.); denomin. verb ἐρωτ-ιάω `be ill of love' (Hp.). From ἔρος: ἐρόεις (Hes., h. Hom.); cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 245. - From a stem ἐρασ-: Aeol. ἐραννός `lovely, charming' \< *ἐρασ-νός ( Il.), ἐράσμιος `id.' (Semon., Anakr.; vgl. Schwyzer 493 n. 10, Chantraine Formation 43), ἐραστής `lover' (Ion.-Att.), also in compp., e. g. παιδ-εραστής (vgl. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 33 and 86), f. ἐράστρια (Eup.); ἐραστός = ἐρατός (Att. etc.); denomin. verb ἐραστεύω = ἐράω (A. Pr. 893 [lyr.]). - The frquent σ-formations, which are hardly all analogical, point to an original σ-stem ἔρως, ἔρασ- (like γέλως, γέλασ-), which was lengthened with - τ-, c.q. passed in an ο-stem (further see Schwyzer 514 n. 4).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No etymology. So Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 1,547Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔραμαι
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3 ἐύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `good, brave, (in war) strong' (ep. Il.), only of men, never in fem. (s. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 37ff.); ntr. ἐΰ, εὖ `good' (A., E.), mostly as adverb `well' (Il.).Other forms: also ἠΰς, ἠΰ (s. below), gen. sg. ἐῆος, ἑ-, gen. pl. n. ἐά̄ων (at verse-end, e. g. δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325)Dialectal forms: Myc. names with eu-, e.g. Eumene \/Eumenēs\/.Compounds: Very often as 1. member, both adject. and adverbial.Derivatives: ἐυτής (cod. ἐητής) ἀγαθότης H.; on the accent Wackernagel-Debrunner Philol. 95, 177. - Note further ἠέα αγαθά H.Etymology: The Greek forms present several problems. As for ἠΰς beside ἐΰς, old ablaut (Schulze Q. 33ff.) is very improbable, it must prob. be connected with metrics ( ἠΰς mostly in expressions at the end of the verse; Schwyzer IF 38, 159ff.); analogical introduction of the length from compounds, e. g. ἠΰ-κομος, where metrical lengthening was necessary, is certainly possible (cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 317 n. 107). Metrical lengthening can also be assumed in ἐῆος for *ἐέος; often ἑῆος (so mostly the mss.) seems to stand for *ἑῆο = *ἑεῖο, *ἑέο `sui', from ε῝, ἑέ `se' (s. v.); cf. ἐμεῖο = ἐμέο from ἐμέ. The comparison of ἐυ- with Skt. su- points to * h₁su-. One should compare Hitt. aššuš `good, useful, pleasant', n. `good, possession, prosperity' (Friedrich IF 41, 370ff.; further Hier.-Hitt. wa-su(-u), with w- added?; Kronasser Μνημης χάριν 1, 201). On the one hand Skt. vásu-, Av. vohu- `good', with further Gaulish PN like Bello-vēsus and Ir. feb f. `eminence', and Illyr. gen. Ves-cleveses (cf. Εὑ-κλέης, Skt. vásu-śravas-). Further the expression δωτῆρες, δῶτορ ἐάων (ritual formula?, Shipp Studies 24) has a pendant in Skt. dātā́ vásūnām (beside dā́tā vásu [acc.]. Certain traces of digamma fail ( ἕτερος δε ἐάων Ω 528 is young). We must also reckon with merger of IE * esu- and *u̯esu-. - See Schwyzer 432 n. 8, 433 n. 1, 476: 7, 574 κ; also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 201; 254; 274. - S. also ὑγιής, where the laryngeal will have been lost in the compound. - Hoffmann, (1975\/6) 593-604 suggests that ἑηος continues hysterodynamic *h₁u̯esu̯-os.Page in Frisk: 1,594-595Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐύς
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4 ἰανογλέφαρος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `with violet-blue eyes'(Alkm. 13, 69, of girls), cf. ἰανοκρήδεμνος ἴοις ὅμοιον τὸ ἐπικράνισμα H.;Compounds: so extended from ἰο-γλέφαρος (Pi.) after the comparable compp. with κυανο- (ἰανογλέφαρος - χαίτης etc.; κυανοβλέφαρος first AP 5, 60); note also ἀγανο-βλέφαρος (Ibyc.). Also ἰανόφρυς PMich. 11, 13 after κυανόφρυς.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: On ἰανογλέφαρος Taillardat Rev. de phil. 79, 131ff., and Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 265 u. 285. Not with Kretschmer KZ 32, 539, Johansson ibd. 543 = ἑᾱνός; nor with Bq (s. ἑᾱνός) from ἰαίνω.Page in Frisk: 1,704Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰανογλέφαρος
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5 ἴον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `violet' (Hom., Thphr.).Compounds: Determin. comp. λευκό-ϊον = ἴον λευκόν `stock-gillyflower' (Thphr.; Risch IF. 59, 257); often as 1. member, e. g. ἰο-ειδής `violet-coloured' ( πόντος; Il.), ἰο-στέφανος `violet-crowned', Athen (h. Hom. 6, 18, Pi., Thgn.), ἰό-κολπος `with violet bossom' (Sapph.; vgl. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 171), ἰο-δνεφής, s. δνόφος; on ἰάνθινος s. v. Wrong Bénaky REGr. 28, 16ff.: ἴον in ἰο-ειδής etc. IIp referring to the colour.Derivatives: ἰόεις `violet-coloured' = `dark-blue' ( σίδηρος Ψ 850, θάλασσα Nic.); ἰωνιά `violet-bed', also plant-name (Thphr.), after ῥοδων-ιά, θημων-ιά (Scheller Oxytonierung 70f.); ἰοντῖτις f. plant-name = ἀριστολόχεια (Dsc.; after κληματῖτις?, Redard Les noms grecs en - της 72).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Medit.Etymology: H. γία (= Ϝία) ἄνθη and the epic metrics confirm the connection with Lat. viola; both prob. come from a Mediterranean language, s. W.-Hofmann s. v.Page in Frisk: 1,729Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴον
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6 κοῦφος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `light, not heavy, easily movable, nimbly, vain, empty' (Ν 158 and θ 201: κοῦφα resp. κουφότερον as adv.); on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 76 etc. (s. index).Compounds: Few compp., e. g. κουφό-νοος ` with a nimble mind' (trag.), ὑπό-κουφος `rather light' (Dsc., Plu.).Derivatives: κουφοτής f. ` lightness' (Hp., Pl.; accent after βαρυτής, Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1909, 59 = Kl. Schr. 2, 1117, Schwyzer 382); κουφεῖαι pl. prob. `vase-sherds, debris'? ( PTeb. 5, 199; IIa; κοῦφον [ κεράμιον] also `[empty] vessel'); NGr. ( ἀγριο-)κουφίτης m. plant-name, `Erdrauch, Fumaria' (Redard Les noms grecs en - της 68 u. 73). Denomin. κουφίζω `lighten, raise, cancel' (Hp., Att.), rarely intr. ` be light' (Hes. Op. 463, Hp., trag.), with κούφισις (Th.), - ισμα (E.), - ισμός (hell.) `lightening'; κουφιστήρ ` ring-pad' (to lighten the pressure; medic.); κουφιστικός ` lightening' (Arist.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Isolated, but still prob. inherited(?). Worthless speculations in Osthoff MU 6, 17f. and those noted in Bq. The full grade of the stem and the barytonesis are remarkable in the case of an adj. (Schwyzer 459); prop. adjectiv. subst.? - Through κοῦφος the old forms ἐλαχύς, ἐλαφρός were partly replaced resp. pushed back, which was not unimportant for these words.Page in Frisk: 1,936Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κοῦφος
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7 κραιπνός
Grammatical information: adj.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Unknown. Earlier (e.g. Curtius 143 a. 525) connected with καρπάλιμος; the phonetic interpretation (Solmsen KZ 30, 602) is hardly convincing, s. Schwyzer 274. - Older explanations in Bq. Cf. on κραιπάλη. Could it represent *krapy-n- (cf. on ἐξαίφνης - ἐξαπίνης)?Page in Frisk: 2,4Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κραιπνός
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8 κρόκος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `saffron, Crocus sativus' (since Ξ 348).Compounds: Compp., e.g. κροκό-πεπλος `with saffroncoloured cloth' (Il.; Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 244 a. 258, Capelle RhM 101, 1ff. ; 9).Derivatives: Esp. colour-adjective: κρόκεος `saffroncoloured' (P. [v. l. - όεις], E. in lyr.), -ήϊος `id' (h. Oer. 178; metr. conditioned; Schmid - εος u. - ειος 48, Zumbach Neuerungen 14), - όεις `id.' (Tyrt., Sapph., E., Ar.; Treu 268); κρόκινος `of saffron, s-coloured' (Stratt., hell.), - ώδης `id.' (Dsc., medic.), - ηρός `of saffron' (Gal.; after οἰνηρός etc. ; Chantraine Formation 233) ; κροκίας m. `saffron-yellow stone' (Plu. ; as καπνίας etc.; Chantraine 94) ; κροκω-τός `saffron-yellow (Pi.), m. `saffron cloth' (corn., Att. inscr.) with - ώτιον (Poll.), - ωτίδιον (Ar.), - ώτινος (pap.); κροκών m. `saffron-bed' (Hdn.); κροκᾶτον n. `saffron-yellow pergament' ( Edict. Diocl. Asin.; from Lat. crocātus, s. below). -- Denomin. verbs: κροκίζω `be saffron-like' (Dsc., Plu.), κροκόομαι (κισσῳ̃) `be surrounded with saffroncoloured ivy' (AP).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.Etymology: Identical with the Semitisc word for `saffron', e.g. Akkad. kurkanū, Arab. kurkum, Hebr. karkōm, and with Skt. kuṅku-mam `id.' (MInd. for * kurkuma-); origin further unknown; cf. the mountain Κώρυκος (Cilicia) famous for its saffron? - From κρόκος Lat. crocus, also crocōta f. `saffron- cloth' (from κροκωτός) and crocōtinum `saffron cake' (: κροκώτινος); Lat. innovation crocātus `saffron-yellow' (\> gr. κροκᾶτον, s. above). -- Lewy Fremdw. 48, Schrader-Nehring Reallexikon 2, 270f., Grimme Glotta 14, 19; alo Mayrhofer KEWA s. kuṅkumam. - Another word is κάγκαμον, s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,23Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρόκος
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9 κύανος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `name of a dark-blue substance, enamel, lapis lazuli, blue copper carbonate' (Il.); also name of a bird (Arist., Ael.; s. Thompson Birds s. v.) and a plant, `blue cornflower' (Plin.);Dialectal forms: Myc. kuwano.Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. κυανό-πρῳρος `with dark-blue prow' (Hom., B.; - πρῴρειος metr. lengthening at verse-end, Risch 120), - χαίτης `with dark hair' (Hom.; Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 389 ff.), - πεπλος `with dark cloth' (h. Cer., Hes.; Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 244).Derivatives: κυάνεος (ῡ metr. length.) `made of κ.', usu. `dark-blue' (Il.; on the meaning Capelle RhM 101, 10 a. 35).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As Anat. LW [loanword] identical with Hitt. kuu̯anna(n)- `copper(blue), ornamental stone' (Friedrich Wb. after Götze). Cf. Danka and Witczak. IES 25 (1997) from *ḱwm̥Hos.Page in Frisk: 2,37Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύανος
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10 λευκός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `hell, clear, white' (Il.);Compounds: many compp., some with prefix, e. g. διά-, παρά-, ἐπί-, ὑπό-λευκος (Strömberg Prefix Studies 161).Derivatives: 1. Substantiv. with oppositive accent (Schwyzer 380 a. 420): λεύκη f. `white efflorescence' (IA.), `white poplar' (Att., hell.) with λεύκινος `of white poplar' (Arist., hell. inscr.), Λευκαῖος surn. of Zeus (Paus.), λευκαία (- έα) `white poplar etc.' (pap.); λεῦκος m. name of an unknown fish (Theoc.) with λευκίσκος m. `white mullet' (Hikes. ap. Ath., Gal.), s. Strömberg Fischnamen 22 f., Thompson Fishes s. vv. 2. f. λευκάς `white' (Nic.), as subst. rock- and islandname (ω 11), also plantname `Lamium' (Dsc.). 3. Further subst.: λευκότης f. `whiteness' (IA.), λευκίτας m. name of he-goat (Theoc. 5, 147; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113), λεύκηθρον plantname (Dsc. 3, 96; v. l. λάκηθρον; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 147); Λεύκαρος (\< - αλος?), - αρίων PN (Epich., inscr.; Schulze Kl. Schr. 115 n. 3, v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1,65A.1; Leumann Glotta 32, 223 n. 2; also Δευκαλίων with diff. dissimilation?, s. Schulze l.c.); after Krahe IF 58, 132 Illyr. (beside GN Λευκάριστος), s. also Mayer Glotta 32, 82. - 4. Verbs: a. λευκαίνω `make white, colour...' (μ 172; cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 219) with λεύκανσις (Arist.), λευκασία ( PHolm., Cyran.; on the formation Schwyzer 469) `bleaching, making white etc.'; also as rivern. in Messenia beside Λευκάσιον Arc. GN (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2, 237; 5, 106 a. 217); λευκαντής, - τικός `white-painter' resp. `-painting' (Gloss., sch.). b. λευκόομαι, - όω `become white, make λευκός ' (Pi., Att.) with λεύκωμα `table painted white' (Att.), `white speck in the eye' (Arist., pap.) with - ωματικός, - ωματώδης, - ωματίζομαι (medic., sch.); λεύκωσις = λευκασία ( PHolm. 3, 6 [cf. Lagercrantz ad loc.]), - ωτής (- ωτός?; Att. inscr., meaning unknown). c. λευκαθέω only ptc. gen. pl. λευκαθεόντων `gleaming white' (Hes. Sc. 146), metr. reshaping at verse-end for λευκαθόντων from λευκάθω (Wackernagel Glotta 14, 44 ff. = Kl. Schr. 2, 852 ff.), with Λευκαθέα, with secondary o-vowel Λευκοθέα (Od., Pi.) name of a goddess, with τὰ Λευκάθεα feast on Teos, - θεών monthname (Ion.); lengthened form λευκαθίζω `gleam white' (Hdt., LXX), also - ανθίζω (after ἄνθος; empire), s. Wackernagel l.c. - On λεύσσω `see' s. v.Etymology: As original verbal noun with Skt. rocá- `lighting' identical, to rócatē `light'. An old ablauting verbal noun is Lat. lūcus `wood, forest', prop. `lighting' (with Jūnō Lūcīna ; s. Leumann Sprache 6, 156ff.), Lith. laũkas `field', Germ., e. g. OHG lōh `overgrown lighting', Skt. loká- m. `free space, world', IE * louko-s m. To this great wordgroup belongs from Greek a. o. λεύσσω, λύχνος, λοῦσσον, s. vv.Page in Frisk: 2,108-109Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λευκός
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11 λεύσσω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `see (clearly), look, observe' (Il., also Arc.; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. achéen 132, also Risch Gnomon 30, 92), only presentstem ewcept isolated and late aoristforms ( λεύσσατε, λεύσσειε (ν)); on the notation Debrunner IF 21, 254, Kretschmer Glotta 22, 223f.; on the meaning and the construction Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 64.Other forms: also λεύσω.Etymology: Beside the full grade yotpresent λεύσ(σ)ω from *λευκ-ι̯ω Sanskrit has a full grade thematic root present lokate ( locate, with locanam `eye') `note, notice', which differs only in the phonetic development from rócate `light' (s. λευκός). An athematic present is preserved in Hitt. luk-zi `become light, day' (stemvowel uncertain); further the iterative-intensive resp. causative Lat. lūceō `light (let become light)' = Skt. rocáyati `let become light' (IE *loukéiō, - eti); diff. Toch. A. lk-ā-m `I see' (zero grade with Toch. ā-lengthening), B lkā-sk-au `id.' ( sk-present; cf. Lat. lūcēscit) beside primary full grade lyuketrä `it lights'. The meaning `see (clearly)' arose from `light'; s. Bechtel Lex. s. αὑγάζομαι, Lommel KZ 50, 262 ff., Fraenkel Wb. s. láukti, Frisk GHÅ 56: 3, 11 f. - Cf. λευκός, λύχνος, λοῦσσον.Page in Frisk: 2,110Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λεύσσω
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12 μαλακός
Grammatical information: adj.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μαλακογνώμων `of weak mind' (A.), μαλακο-κρανεύς "Weakskull", bird-name, `gray shrike' (Arist.); Boßhardt 62, Chantraine Form. 130.Derivatives: μαλακία, - ίη (IA.), μαλακότης (Pl., Arist., Herod.) `weakness, effefeminacy'. - μαλακίων m. in address `sweetheart' (Ar. Ek. 1058; Chantraine 165); τὰ μαλάκια `molluscs' (Arist.); μαλακώδης `weakhearted' (St. Byz.). -- Denomin. verbs: 1. μαλάσσω, - ττω `make weak, soften' (Pi., IA.) with μάλαγμα n. `emollient, softening plaster, softening material' (Pl., Thphr., Ph. Bel. etc.) with μαλαγμα-τώδης (medic.), - τίζω (Zos.Alch.); μάλαξις `softening' (Thphr., Plu.); μαλακ-τήρ "weakener", μαλακός ἐλέφαντος `ivory workerer' (Plu.); - τικός `softening' (Hp., Plu.). 2. μαλακίζομαι `be softened' (Att.). 3. μαλακύνω `soften' (X., hell.) with μαλάκυνσις `softening' (Alex. Aphr.).Etymology: The nearest cognate of μαλακός seems monosyllabic βλά̄ξ (with long vowel; s. v. and Schwyzer 360); so a primary κ-deriv. If we separate the two, an n-stem as intermediate is possible (Schwyzer 496 f., Chantraine Form. 384). The basis could be the wide-spread verb `rub, meal', s. μύλη; also μέλδομαι, ἀμαλδύνω, ἀμαλός. Cf. also μαλθακός. It could be * mlh₂-k- \> *μλᾱκ- and * mlh₂-ek- \> *μαλ-ακ-.Page in Frisk: 2,165-166Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαλακός
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13 μέλας
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `dark-coloured, black' (Il.); μελάν-τερος (Il.), - τατος (IA.), late μελανώτερος Str.), μελαινοτάτη ( Epigr. Gr., AP; Leumann Mus. Helv. 2,9f. = Kl.Schr. 223f.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e.g. μελάγ-χροος (pl. - ες), - χροιής, - χρής, - χρως- μελανό-χροος etc. `with dark skin' (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 21ff.; also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 52 a. 80); μελαγ-χιμος `dark, black' (A., E., X.), with faded 2. member, cp. δύσ-χιμος and Sommer 71ff.; μελάν-δετος prob. `dark-striped' or `with dark bands' (O713, A., E.; Trümpy Fachausdrücke 62, Risch 189); μελάν-δρυ-ος `of black wood (δόρυ)' (A. Fr. 251), n. `heart-wood, marrow' (Thphr., Strömberg Theophrastea 128), pl. `piece of tunny', with which μελάν-δρυς m. `tunny' (Pamphil.; Strömberg Fischnamen 128); μελάμ-πυρον n. (- ος m.) `ball-mustard, Neslia paniculata' (Thphr., Gal.); with the form. cf. διόσπυρον (s.v.), on the meaning Carnoy REGr. 71, 96; μελαγ-κάλαμον n. dvandva `ink and pen' (pap. Vp, Maas Glotta 35, 299f.). Often in PN, with as shortnames e.g. Μελαινεύς, Μελανεύς, Μελανθεύς, Μέλανθος (Boßhardt 95, 101, 154, Schwyzer 263).Derivatives: 1. μελαιν-άς f. name of a dark-coloured fish (Cratin. [?]; Strömberg Fischnamen 22); - ίς f. name of a sea-shell (Sophr., Herod., Xenokr.), also name of Aphrodite in Corinth (Ath.). 2. μελάν-ιον n. `ink' (pap., Edict. Diocl.; from μέλαν, Georgacas Glotta 36, 169). 3. μελαν-ία f. `blackness, black shadow, black colour' (X., Arist.), - ότης f. `blackness' (Arist.: λευκότης). 4. μελανός = μέλας (Sp.), - όν n. `black pigment' ( Sammelb. IVp); after κελαινός, ὀρφνός etc.; μελαιναῖος `id.' ( Orac. Sib.; after κνεφαῖος a.o.; Chantraine Form. 47); μελανώδης `blackish' (EM). -- Denominative verbs: 1. μελαίνομαι, -ω `become, make dark, black' (Il.); from this μέλανσις f. `blackening' (Arist.), μέλασ-μα n. `black spot, black paint' (Hp.), - μός m. `blackening, black spot' (Hp., Plu.), μελαντηρ-ία f. `black pigment, blackness' (IG 22, 1672, Arist.), - ιον `stain' (sch.). 2. μελάνω `become (make?) black' (H 64; Schwyzer 700, Shipp Studies 37). 3. μελανέω intr. `id.' (Thphr., A. R., Call.)Etymology: To μέλᾱς \< *μέλᾰν-ς, μέλαινα (\< - αν- ι̯α), μέλᾰν is τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν a parallel, where it must be noted that τάλας seems to be an orig. ντ-stem. --The identification of μέλαινα with Skt. f. malinī (supp. IE *melh₂n-i̯ǝ), to which a consonantic m. μελαν- was innovated for an older *μέλανος = Skt. malina-'dirty' (Schwyzer IF 30, 446ff. after Brugmann Grundr. 2: 1, 256 n. 1), fails because malinī is known only as a gloss and in the sense of `menstruating woman'; masc. malina- is further an ep.-class. deriv. from Ved. mála- n. `dirt'; s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 25, Wackernagel-Debrunner II: 2, 351 f. Of the many words cited under the words mel- indicating colour in WP. 2, 293 f., Pok. 720 f. only a few Baltic formations with n-suffix are interesting, Latv. męl̃ns `black' (see Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 237), OPr. melne `blue spot', mīlinan acc. f. `spot' (further Fraenkel Wb. s. mė́las 2). -- Further s. μολύνω, also μελίνη and μώλωψ.Page in Frisk: 2,198-199Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέλας
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14 μέλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `be destined, must have; be (probably), surely, linger, hesitate' (Il.). (On the dev. of the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 131 w. n. 1. On the augment ἠ- Debrunner Festschr. Zucker 101 f., 108).Compounds: Rarely with δια-, κατα-, ἀντι-. As 1. member in μελλό-γαμος = μέλλων γαμεῖν S.), μελλ-είρην `who is on the point to be εἰρήν' (Lacon.), s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 175 n. 1.Derivatives: μέλλησις `want to act, the (mere) intention, the lingering, hesitation' (Th., Pl. Lg., Arist.), μέλλημα `deferment' (E., Aeschin., - ησμα PMasp.), μελλώ f. `lingering' (A. Ag. 1356), μελλησμός `delay, undecidedness' (Epicur., D. H.), also `approach', of an illness (Aret.); μελλητής m. `lingerer' (Th. 1, 70, Arist.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 72 w. n. 6), - τικός `hesitating' (Arist.), μελλητιᾶν τὸ μέλλειν H. (like βινητιᾶν a. o., Schwyzer 732).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: To the full grade yot-resent μέλλω (\< *μελ-ι̯ω, Schwyzer 715) only later non-present forms and nominal derivations were made. -- As the concrete kernel of the meaning of μέλλω remains unknown, all attempts at an explanation are hypothetic. Old (since Froehde BB 3, 307) is the connection with Lat. prō-mellere `litem promovere' (Paul. Fest.), to which acc. to Fick further OIr. mall `slow, tardy' (WP. 2, 291 f., Pok. 720, W.-Hofmann s. prōmellere). Acc. to Gray Lang. 23, 247 denominative to *μέλος `concern, interest' to μέλω, Lat. melior etc. Quite diff. Szemerényi AmJPh 72, 346ff.: to μολεῖν `go', with also μέλος `member', Lat. mōlior `with force set in movement' etc. [?].Page in Frisk: 2,202-203Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέλλω
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15 μορφή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `outward (corporal) shape, form, beautiful shape, charm' (θ 170 a. λ 367; on the meaning cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 175f.).Compounds: Very often as 2. member, e.g. πολύ-μορ-φος `with many forms' (Hp., Arist.) with πολυμορφ-ία (Longin., Him.).Derivatives: Three denominatives: 1. μορφόομαι, - όω, also with μετα-, δια- a.o., `assume a shape, form' (Thphr., Arat., LXX, NT, Plu.) with ( μετα-, δια-)μόρφωσις `shaping, embodiment' (Thphr., Str., Ep. Rom.); μορφ-ώτρια f. `she who forms, represents' (E. Tr.437), - ωτικός `forming' (Gal., Prokl.); also μόρφωμα `form' (Epicur., Aq.), but in trag. (A., E.) as enlargement of μορφή, cf. Chantraine Form. 186 f. -- 2. μορφάζω `make gestures, behave oneself' (X.) with - ασμός name of a dance (Ath., Poll.), `embellish' (Eust.); ἐπι-μορφάζω `pretend, simulate' (Ph.). -- 3. μορφύνει καλλωπίζει, κοσμεῖ H. (after καλλύνω a.o.); from ἄ-μορφος: ἀμορφύνειν οὑ δεόντως πράττειν H. (Antim. 72). -- Two names: Μορφώ f. surn. of Aphrodite in Sparta (Paus., Lyc.), Μορφεύς m. son of (the) Sleep (Or. Met. 11, 635), father of the dream-images created by him; Bosshardt 122 f. To be rejected Güntert Kalypso 193 f.: Μορφώ and Μορφεύς to μόρφνος. -- Adj. μορφήεις `with beautiful shape' (Pi.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: ἀμερφές αἰσχρόν H. points to a noun *μέρφος n., beside which μορφή as γένος: γονή, τέγος: Lat. toga a.o.; the for the verbal nouns *μέρφος and μορφή to be posited primary verb *μέρφω v.t. is unknown. Also further connections are quite hypothetical. After Solmsen KZ 34, 23 f. (s. also Persson Beitr. 2, 687 a. 689) as *'glittering motley outward aspect' with μορφνος (s.v.) to Lith. márgas `motley, manycoloured, beautiful', beside which the zero grade mirgė́ti `light up and again extinguish, shine in motley play of colours'; one should start from an IE verb * mergʷʰ- `bunt glänzen o.ä.'. Diff. on the Lith. words WP. 2, 274 and Fraenkel Wb. s. márgas. -- Not better Osthoff BB 24, 137A. (to μάρπτω), Thieme ZDMG 102, 107 (to Skt. bráhman-). -- On the attempts to connect Lat. fōrma with μορφή s. W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s.v. (DELG points to the difficulty of the ō).Page in Frisk: 2,257-258Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μορφή
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16 ὄμμα
ὄμμα, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `eye'; also `look, sight, face', metaph `sun, light' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in ὀμματο-στερής `bereaving one of ones eyes, blinding' (A. in lyr.), `bereaved of ones eyes, blind' (S., E. in lyr.); often as 2. member, e.g. μελαν-όμματος `with black eyes' (Pl., Arist.; cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 17 f.).Derivatives: Dimin. ὀμμάτιον n. (Arist., AP; = NGr. μάτι); further ὀμμάτειος `belonging to the eyes' (S. Fr. 801), ὀμματόω `to provide eyes, to illuminate' (A., D.S.), ἐξ- ὄμμα `to bereave someone of his eyes' (E. Fr. 541), `to open someones eyes, to illuminate' (A., S., Ph. u.a.), ἐν- ὄμμα `to provide eyes' (Ph.).Etymology: Beside the usual ὄμμα stands the rare ὄππατα (Sapph.) and ὄθματα (Call., Nic., Hymn. Is.), which like ὄμμα may have arisen first from *ὄπμα by progressive assimilation resp. through differenciation (Schwyzer 317 w. lit.); diff. on ὄππατα WP. 1, 170; s. also Fraenkel Phil. 96, 164 (ππ affective consonantsharpening for *ὄπατα with Specht KZ 62, 214); ῎ὄθματα rather artificial reshaping with - θμα (Chantraine, Form. 175, R, Schmitt, Nominalbildung des Kallimachos 102. -- If a verbal noun in - μα from ὀπ- `see' ( ὄπ-ωπα, ὄψομαι), ὄμμα must orig. have meant `seeing, glance' (cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 66 w. lit.); but the word can also be an enlargement of the root noun in ὄσσε (Schwyzer 524, Porzig Satzinhalte 266). -- Cf. ὄπωπα and ὄσσε (not ὀφθαλμός).Page in Frisk: 2,387-388Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄμμα
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17 ὄπισθεν
Grammatical information: adv. and prep.Meaning: `(from) behind, back, after' (Il.).Other forms: -ε (Ion. poet.), ὄπιθε(ν) (Il.)Compounds: Many compp., e.g. ὀπισθό-δομος m. `backmost hall of the temple of Athena' (Att.; Risch IF 59, 251); on ὀπισθέναρ s. θέναρ; many details in Schwyzer-Debrunner 540. As 2. member a.o. in μετ-όπισ-θε(ν) `id.' (Il.).Derivatives: ὀπίσθ-ιος (IA.), - ίδιος (Sophr., Call., AP) `situated in the back'; compar. forms ὀπίστατος (Θ 342,Λ 178; for *ὀπίσθ-ατος?, Schwyzer 535 after it - τερος (Arat., Nonn.) beside ὀπισθό-τερος (Arat.). -- Besides ὀπίσ(σ)ω (Il.), Aeol. ὑπίσσω (Sapph.) `backward, afterwards' with ὀπισώ-τατος (hell.); ἐξ-οπίσω `id.' (Il.) a.o. -- Cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 133 f.Etymology: In ὄπι-θεν seems a noun or adv. ὄπι to be retained, that is also seen in Myc. opi and in κατ-όπιν (IA.) a. perh. still functions as acc. (Schwyzer 625); cf. on ὀπώρα; to this ὄπι-σ-θεν like πρόσ-θεν and ὀπίσ(σ)-ω. The last may stand for *ὀπι-τι̯ω, cf. on εἴσ-ω s. εἰς w. lit.; see also Gusmani A.I.O.N. 3 (1961) 41ff. -- For connections outside Greek s. ἔπι; o-ablaut also in Lat. ob a.o.; on this w. rich lit. W.-Hofmann s.v.Page in Frisk: 2,403-404Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄπισθεν
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18 ὄσσε
Grammatical information: n. pl.Meaning: du. `both eyes' (Il.; cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 69 f.).Compounds: As 2. member in τρι-οττ-ίς f. `pendant provided with three eyes (eye-like ornaments)' (cf. τρίγλημα ἕρματα) with the dimin. - ιον (Hdn. Gr., Eust.); also - ης m. (Phot., EM).Etymology: Inherited dual, \< *ok(ʷ)i̯e \< * h₃ekʷih₁, identical with OCS oč-i 'both eyes', Arm. ač̣-k` pl. `eyes' (Brugmann-Thumb 271, Schwyzer 565) S. Forssman MSS 25 (1969) 39f. -- Further s. ὄμμα, ὄπωπα, ὄσσομαι.Page in Frisk: 2,436Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄσσε
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19 ὄσσομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to look (with one's mind), to forebode, to have foreboded' (Il.).Etymology: Old yot-present, from *ὄκ-ι̯ομαι from IE *okʷ-i̯o \/ e- from * h₃ekʷ- `see, eye', s. ὄπωπα, ὄμμα, ὄσσε. The present ὄσσομαι had a semantic development different from the non-pres. forms ὄπωπα, ὄψομαι etc., cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 62 f. -- Att. ὀττεύομαι belongs rather to ὄσσα (s.v.).Page in Frisk: 2,436Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄσσομαι
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20 πικρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sharp, peaky, piercing, bitter, painful' (Il.; on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 a. 273).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πικρό-χολος `full of bitter gall' (Hp.), γλυκύ-πικρος `sweet-bitter' (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).Derivatives: 1. Abstract: πικρ-ότης f. `sharpness, bitterness etc.' (IA.), - ία f. `id.' (D., Arist., hell.). 2. plantname: πικρ-άς, - ίς, - ίδιον (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; - άς f. also `sour bottom' (pap. IIIa); - ίδιος as adj. `somewhat bitter' (Ath.). 3. verbs: a. πικρ-αίνομαι, - αίνω, also w. ἐκ-, ἐν-, παρα- a.o., `to become bitter, to embitter; to make bitter' (IA.) with - ασμός ( παρα-πικρός) m. `embitterment' (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), - αντικῶς adv. `in an embittering way' (S.E.); b. πικρ-όομαι, almost only with ἐκ-, `id.' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.) with - ωσις f. (Gal.); back formation ἔκπικρος `very bitter' (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. πικρ-άζομαι, - άζω, also w. ἐκ-, `id.' (S. E.). 4. substantivising πίκρα f. name of an antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN Πρίκων m. (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in NGr. πρικός (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; diff. Bechtel KZ 45, 155).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [794] *piḱ-ro- `motley, painted'Etymology: With a Slav. word for `motley', e.g. ORuss. CSlav. pьstrъ formally identical: IE *piḱros, from a verb `sting, cut, embroider, paint' in Sk. piṃśáti (nasalpres.) `carve, cut to measure, ornament', Slav., e.g. OCS pьsati `write'; further cognates s. ποικίλος. -- With πικρός also some Indo-Iran. words have been identified: Pashto p(u)šǝī f. `kind of rhubarb, Rheum emodi' (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1;), Skt. śilpá- `motley' (inverted from *piślá-; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). After Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 here also Slav. prikrь `disgusting, sour, sharp'; against this Vasmer Wb. s. príkryj.Page in Frisk: 2,535-536Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πικρός
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